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Algae which caused brevetoxins in SA algal bloom most toxic of its kind studied
The algal bloom devastated South Australia's coastline, resulting in the deaths of significant numbers of marine life. (ABC News: Che Chorley)
A dominant species of algae in the bloom which devastated South Australia's coastline has been found to be the most toxic of its kind to be studied, according to an Australian-led research team.
Karenia cristata was identified by the research team as the algae causing brevetoxins in November 2025, with the new research finding the laboratory-grown strains of it were highly toxic, even in very low concentrations.
It was found there could potentially be a bloom anywhere with similar coastal water conditions.
"Marine animals were mysteriously dropping dead: around 1 million were wiped out." Scientists now know the reason why – and it's terrifying
Marine researchers in Australia have found what might be the most toxic species of microalgae ever studied.
In 2025, trouble was brewing in a 20,000 km2 area off the coast of South Australia. For more than a year, marine animals were mysteriously dropping dead: around one million animals were wiped out and some humans even got sick.
Now, scientists have confirmed that the culprit behind these mass marine animal deaths is a species of microalgae called Karenia cristata. The algal bloom produced several powerful toxins, which the researchers say result in stronger toxic effects than any species they have studied before.
“This can partly explain the scale of the impacts witnessed in this event, which have included the mass mortality of marine invertebrates, fish, mammals and birds, over many months,” says professor Shauna Murray, a marine biologist at the University of Technology Sydney.
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